To estimate **Net Debt / EBITDA for 2022 using an S&P-style methodology**, use adjusted gross debt less cash, divided by EBITDA.

**1. Gross debt components at 2022 year-end**

From the 2023-01-01 balance sheet:

- Noncurrent borrowings: €10,776m  
- Current borrowings: €877m  
- Noncurrent lease liabilities: €120m  
- Current lease liabilities: €64m  

So, gross debt including leases:

\[
10{,}776 + 877 + 120 + 64 = 11{,}837 \text{ million}
\]

**2. Cash and cash equivalents**

- Cash and cash equivalents: €5,130m

S&P-style net debt generally nets readily available cash against debt:

\[
\text{Net debt} = 11{,}837 - 5{,}130 = 6{,}707 \text{ million}
\]

**3. EBITDA**

Using reported operating profit and adding back amortisation/depreciation:

- Profit from operating activities: €423m  
- Amortisation expense: €299m  

\[
\text{EBITDA} = 423 + 299 = 722 \text{ million}
\]

**4. Net Debt / EBITDA**

\[
\frac{6{,}707}{722} = 9.29
\]

Rounded to one decimal place:

\[
9.3
\]

<answer>9.3</answer>