To estimate Net Debt / EBITDA for 2022 using an S&P-style approach, I approximate:

1. **Debt**
   - Long-term borrowings 2022: €15,782.604 million  
   - Current borrowings and current portion of non-current borrowings 2022: €4,239.869 million  
   - Reported borrowings:  
     €15,782.604m + €4,239.869m = **€20,022.473m**

2. **S&P-style lease adjustment**
   - S&P generally treats operating leases as debt-like. Under IFRS 16, lease liabilities are often embedded in borrowings or financial liabilities, but the provided balance sheet gives right-of-use assets rather than explicit lease liabilities.
   - As an approximation, use **right-of-use assets** as a proxy for lease debt:
     **€1,320.270m**

3. **Gross adjusted debt**
   - €20,022.473m + €1,320.270m = **€21,342.743m**

4. **Cash deduction**
   - Cash and cash equivalents 2022: **€4,900.205m**

5. **Estimated adjusted net debt**
   - €21,342.743m − €4,900.205m = **€16,442.538m**

6. **EBITDA**
   - The closest EBITDA-like figure provided is:
   - “Profit/loss before provisions, amortisation and impairment, financial income and financial expenses, income tax expense and CESE” 2022 = **€4,523.539m**
   - This is effectively EBITDA before provisions and below-EBITDA items.

7. **Net Debt / EBITDA**
   - €16,442.538m / €4,523.539m = **3.63x**

<answer>3.63</answer>