To estimate Net Debt / EBITDA for 2022 using an S&P-style approach, I treat gross financial debt as current plus noncurrent financial liabilities, then subtract cash and cash equivalents.

Relevant 2022 year-end figures:

- Other noncurrent financial liabilities: €5,867 million
- Other current financial liabilities: €1,022 million
- Cash and cash equivalents: €2,584 million
- EBITDA: €1,505 million

Calculation:

Gross financial debt = 5,867 + 1,022 = €6,889 million

Net debt = 6,889 - 2,584 = €4,305 million

Net Debt / EBITDA = 4,305 / 1,505 = 2.8605

Rounded estimate: 2.86

<answer>2.86</answer>