To estimate the Net Debt / EBITDA ratio for VINCI in 2022 using S&P methodology, I will follow these steps:

1. **Identify EBITDA**:  
   S&P generally defines EBITDA as "Profit from operating activities" plus "Depreciation and amortisation expenses" (and sometimes other non-cash items like provisions, impairment, or share-based payments, but the core add-back is D&A).  
   From the data:  
   - Profit (Loss) From Operating Activities (2022) = 6,489,000,000 EUR  
   - Adjustments for Depreciation and Amortisation Expense (2022) = 3,613,000,000 EUR  

   While there are other adjustments like share-based payments, provisions, etc., S&P’s simplified methodology often uses Operating Profit + Depreciation & Amortisation. Sometimes they also add back impairment and provisions, but since "Adjustments for Provisions and Impairment Loss" is 0 for 2022, this doesn't change the calculation.  
   EBITDA = 6,489,000,000 + 3,613,000,000 = **10,102,000,000 EUR**.

2. **Identify Net Debt**:  
   S&P defines net debt as gross debt minus cash and cash equivalents (and sometimes other liquid investments). Gross debt typically includes short-term and long-term borrowings, lease liabilities, and sometimes derivative liabilities (but S&P may exclude operating leases or treat them separately). For a conservative and commonly used approach:  
   - Noncurrent portion of noncurrent bonds issued = 20,425,000,000  
   - Noncurrent portion of other noncurrent borrowings = 3,205,000,000  
   - Noncurrent lease liabilities = 1,580,000,000  
   - Short-term borrowings = 6,368,000,000  
   - Current lease liabilities = 522,000,000  
   Total debt = 20,425 + 3,205 + 1,580 + 6,368 + 522 = **32,100,000,000 EUR**  

   Cash and cash equivalents = 12,578,000,000 EUR  
   (S&P may also include "Current cash management financial assets" (755,000,000) as cash-like, but the given cash figure is already high; using only "Cash and cash equivalents" is a standard starting point.)  

   Net Debt = 32,100,000,000 - 12,578,000,000 = **19,522,000,000 EUR**.

3. **Compute Ratio**:  
   Net Debt / EBITDA = 19,522,000,000 / 10,102,000,000 ≈ **1.93**.

Thus, the estimated ratio is about 1.93.

<answer>1.93</answer>