Let’s go step-by-step. **Step 1 – Funds From Operations (FFO)** FFO is typically calculated as: **Profit from operating activities + Depreciation, amortisation and impairment – Current tax expense – Interest paid + Interest received** (a common proxy when detailed adjustments aren't specified). From the figures: - Profit from operating activities (2022): €1,333,500,000 - Depreciation, amortisation and impairment (2022): €725,700,000 - Income tax expense (2022): €355,400,000 - Finance costs (2022): €121,800,000 - Finance income (2022): €22,700,000 So: FFO = 1,333,500,000 + 725,700,000 − 355,400,000 − 121,800,000 + 22,700,000 = 1,604,700,000 EUR **Step 2 – Net Debt** Net debt = Long-term borrowings + Short-term borrowings + Current portion of long-term borrowings − Cash and cash equivalents − Current financial assets (that are readily convertible). 2023-01-01 values: - Long-term borrowings: €8,416,700,000 - Short-term borrowings: €444,100,000 - Current portion of long-term borrowings: €1,909,300,000 - Cash and cash equivalents: €2,155,100,000 - Current financial assets: €255,300,000 Net debt = 8,416,700,000 + 444,100,000 + 1,909,300,000 − 2,155,100,000 − 255,300,000 = 8,359,700,000 EUR **Step 3 – FFO / Net Debt** FFO / Net debt = 1,604,700,000 / 8,359,700,000 ≈ 0.19196 0.192