To estimate the FFO / Net Debt ratio for 2022, we need to calculate the Funds From Operations (FFO) and the Net Debt for the year 2022 (ending on 2023-01-01) using the provided facts. **1. Calculate Funds From Operations (FFO):** FFO is typically defined as Net Profit/Loss plus Depreciation and Amortization, plus Impairment losses (if any). - Profit Loss (2022-01-01 - 2023-01-01): 13,961,000,000 EUR - Depreciation And Amortisation Expense (2022-01-01 - 2023-01-01): 7,205,000,000 EUR - Impairment Loss (2022-01-01 - 2023-01-01): 1,140,000,000 EUR FFO = Profit Loss + Depreciation And Amortisation Expense + Impairment Loss FFO = 13,961,000,000 + 7,205,000,000 + 1,140,000,000 = 22,306,000,000 EUR **2. Calculate Net Debt:** Net Debt is typically defined as Total Financial Debt (Short-term borrowings + Current portion of long-term borrowings + Long-term borrowings) minus Cash and Cash Equivalents. - Shortterm Borrowings (2023-01-01): 4,446,000,000 EUR - Current Portion Of Longterm Borrowings (2023-01-01): 3,097,000,000 EUR - Longterm Borrowings (2023-01-01): 19,374,000,000 EUR - Cash And Cash Equivalents (2023-01-01): 10,155,000,000 EUR Total Debt = 4,446,000,000 + 3,097,000,000 + 19,374,000,000 = 26,917,000,000 EUR Net Debt = Total Debt - Cash And Cash Equivalents Net Debt = 26,917,000,000 - 10,155,000,000 = 16,762,000,000 EUR **3. Calculate FFO / Net Debt ratio:** Ratio = FFO / Net Debt Ratio = 22,306,000,000 / 16,762,000,000 ≈ 1.3307 1.33