I need to analyze Bouygues' leverage trend for 2022 based on the financial data provided. Let me focus on key leverage indicators. First, let me understand the dates: The data shows 2022-01-01 and 2023-01-01 as balance sheet dates, with the period 2022-01-01 to 2023-01-01 representing fiscal year 2022. **Key Leverage Metrics:** **Debt Levels:** - Long-term Borrowings: 5,805M EUR (2022) → 11,586M EUR (2023) - **99.6% increase** - Total Borrowings (Long-term + Current portion): 5,805 + 1,324 = 7,129M (2022) → 11,586 + 1,361 = 12,947M (2023) - **81.6% increase** **Equity:** - Total Equity: 12,789M EUR (2022) → 13,932M EUR (2023) - **8.9% increase** **Total Assets:** - Total Assets: 44,642M EUR (2022) → 60,595M EUR (2023) - **35.7% increase** **Key Leverage Ratios:** 1. **Debt-to-Equity (Total Borrowings / Equity):** - 2022: 7,129 / 12,789 = 0.56x - 2023: 12,947 / 13,932 = 0.93x 2. **Net Debt:** - 2022: 941M EUR - 2023: 7,440M EUR - **690% increase** 3. **Net Debt / EBITDA proxy analysis:** - Operating Profit (Recurring): 1,962M (2022) vs 1,693M (2021) - improved - But Net Debt increased dramatically from 941M to 7,440M **What happened?** The massive increase in long-term borrowings (from 5.8B to 11.6B) and net debt (from 0.9B to 7.4B) indicates significant debt-funded expansion. The goodwill increased from 7,446M to 12,626M (+69.5%), suggesting major acquisitions. This is confirmed by "Cash Flows Used In Obtaining Control Of Subsidiaries" of 6,269M in 2022 vs only 382M in 2021. **Moody's Adjusted Leverage Considerations:** - Moody's typically adjusts reported debt to include operating leases, pension deficits, and other obligations - Lease liabilities increased significantly (Noncurrent: 1,473M → 2,107M; Current: 362M → 498M) - The company went from a very low net debt position (941M) to much higher leverage (7,440M) - Total liabilities grew from 31,853M to 46,663M (+46.5%), much faster than equity growth (+8.9%) **Conclusion:** Despite some operational improvement (revenue growth from 37.6B to 44.3B, recurring operating profit up), the leverage profile has deteriorated significantly due to: 1. Massive increase in gross debt (nearly doubled) 2. Net debt increased almost 8x 3. Debt-funded acquisitions (goodwill up 70%) 4. Debt growing much faster than equity or EBITDA This represents a clear deterioration in credit metrics that Moody's would view negatively for leverage assessment. Deteriorating