To estimate **Net Debt / EBITDA** for 2022 using an S&P-style approach, I treat debt as including both financial debt and lease liabilities, net of cash and cash equivalents.

Relevant 2022 year-end balance sheet figures:

- Other noncurrent financial liabilities: 1,751,255,000
- Other current financial liabilities: 389,716,000
- Noncurrent lease liabilities: 150,955,000
- Current lease liabilities: 6,362,000
- Cash and cash equivalents: 392,811,000

Gross debt including leases:

1,751,255,000 + 389,716,000 + 150,955,000 + 6,362,000 = 2,298,288,000

Net debt:

2,298,288,000 − 392,811,000 = 1,905,477,000

For EBITDA, the reported 2022 figure is:

- Profit/loss from operating activities before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation expense: 499,430,000

So:

Net Debt / EBITDA = 1,905,477,000 / 499,430,000 = 3.8147

Rounded to one decimal place, the estimated ratio is:

<answer>3.8</answer>