To estimate Net Debt / EBITDA for 2022 using an S&P-style approach:

1. **Estimate adjusted gross debt**
   - Noncurrent bonds/marketable debt: €3,101m
   - Noncurrent loans: €2,624m
   - Current bonds/marketable debt: €1,139m
   - Current loans: €553m
   - Lease liabilities included as debt:
     - Noncurrent lease liabilities: €439m
     - Current lease liabilities: €72m

   Gross debt = 3,101 + 2,624 + 1,139 + 553 + 439 + 72 = **€7,928m**

2. **Subtract cash and cash equivalents**
   - Cash and cash equivalents: **€2,360m**

   Net debt = 7,928 - 2,360 = **€5,568m**

3. **Estimate EBITDA**
   - Operating profit: €1,334m
   - Add back depreciation/amortisation/provisions line: €762m

   EBITDA = 1,334 + 762 = **€2,096m**

4. **Calculate Net Debt / EBITDA**
   - Net Debt / EBITDA = 5,568 / 2,096 = **2.66x**

<answer>2.66</answer>