To estimate Net Debt / EBITDA for 2022 using an S&P-style approximation: 1. **Debt** - Long-term borrowings: €8,416.7m - Short-term borrowings: €444.1m - Current portion of long-term borrowings: €1,909.3m Total reported borrowings: \[ 8{,}416.7 + 444.1 + 1{,}909.3 = 10{,}770.1\text{m} \] 2. **Cash and equivalents** - Cash and cash equivalents: €2,155.1m 3. **Net debt** \[ 10{,}770.1 - 2{,}155.1 = 8{,}615.0\text{m} \] 4. **EBITDA** A common approximation is: \[ EBITDA = Operating\ Profit + Depreciation,\ Amortisation,\ and\ Impairment \] - Operating profit: €1,333.5m - Depreciation, amortisation and impairment: €725.7m \[ EBITDA = 1{,}333.5 + 725.7 = 2{,}059.2\text{m} \] 5. **Net Debt / EBITDA** \[ \frac{8{,}615.0}{2{,}059.2} \approx 4.18 \] 4.18