To estimate Net Debt / EBITDA for 2022 using an S&P-style approach, use adjusted debt including financial liabilities and lease liabilities, net of cash and cash equivalents, and compare it with EBITDA.

**1. Estimate EBITDA**

A practical EBITDA estimate from the provided income statement is:

- Profit from operating activities (EBIT) 2022: €533.8m  
- Amortisation, depreciation and provisions 2022: €667.1m  

EBITDA estimate:

\[
EBITDA = 533.8 + 667.1 = 1,200.9 \text{ million EUR}
\]

**2. Estimate gross debt at 2022 year-end**

Use financial liabilities plus lease liabilities:

- Noncurrent financial liabilities: €5,689.9m  
- Current financial liabilities: €650.1m  
- Noncurrent lease liabilities: €55.1m  
- Current lease liabilities: €21.3m  

\[
Gross\ Debt = 5,689.9 + 650.1 + 55.1 + 21.3 = 6,416.4 \text{ million EUR}
\]

**3. Subtract cash and cash equivalents**

- Cash and cash equivalents: €1,942.4m  

\[
Net\ Debt = 6,416.4 - 1,942.4 = 4,474.0 \text{ million EUR}
\]

**4. Calculate Net Debt / EBITDA**

\[
Net\ Debt / EBITDA = \frac{4,474.0}{1,200.9} \approx 3.73
\]

<answer>3.73</answer>