To estimate **FFO / Net debt** for 2022 under a simplified S&P-style approach: 1. **Funds from operations (FFO)** S&P FFO is typically approximated from operating cash flow before working-capital movements, adjusted for interest and tax treatment. A practical approximation from the provided cash-flow reconciliation is the 2022 **Subtotal**, which represents profit before tax adjusted for non-cash/non-operating items before working-capital changes. - 2022 subtotal = **€2,516.130 million** So, estimated FFO ≈ **€2,516.130 million**. 2. **Net debt** A simplified net debt estimate uses financial liabilities less cash and cash equivalents at year-end. 2022 year-end values, i.e. 2023-01-01: - Noncurrent financial liabilities = **€2,844.559 million** - Current financial liabilities = **€1,109.297 million** - Cash and cash equivalents = **€409.252 million** Gross financial debt: - €2,844.559m + €1,109.297m = **€3,953.856 million** Net debt: - €3,953.856m − €409.252m = **€3,544.604 million** 3. **FFO / Net debt** - €2,516.130m / €3,544.604m = **0.7098** - As a percentage: **70.98%** 70.98