FFO / Net debt under an S&P-style approximation can be estimated as: **FFO ≈ cash flow from operations before working-capital changes − cash taxes paid + cash interest paid adjustment if needed** Using the available cash-flow data, a practical S&P-style proxy is: - Cash flows from operations before changes in working capital: **€1,202.0m** - Less income taxes paid: **€165.9m** So estimated **FFO**: \[ 1{,}202.0 - 165.9 = 1{,}036.1 \text{ million EUR} \] Next, estimate **net debt** as financial debt including lease liabilities minus cash and cash equivalents. Debt components at 2022 year-end: - Noncurrent financial liabilities: **€5,689.9m** - Current financial liabilities: **€650.1m** - Noncurrent lease liabilities: **€55.1m** - Current lease liabilities: **€21.3m** Gross debt: \[ 5{,}689.9 + 650.1 + 55.1 + 21.3 = 6{,}416.4 \text{ million EUR} \] Less cash and cash equivalents: - Cash and cash equivalents: **€1,942.4m** Net debt: \[ 6{,}416.4 - 1{,}942.4 = 4{,}474.0 \text{ million EUR} \] Therefore: \[ \text{FFO / Net debt} = \frac{1{,}036.1}{4{,}474.0} = 0.2316 \approx 23.2\% \] 23.2%