To estimate the Net Debt / EBITDA ratio for 2022 under S&P methodology, I will follow these steps:

1.  **Calculate S&P Adjusted EBITDA:**
    *   Start with "Profit Loss Before Provisions Amortisation And Impairment Financial Income And Financial Expenses Income Tax Expense And Extraordinary Contribution To The Energy Sector CESE" = 4,523,539,000 EUR.
    *   Add "Joint Ventures And Associates" income (which is likely adjusted for in the EBITDA calculation by S&P, or if the starting line already includes it, we need to check. "Profit Loss Before Provisions..." is before "Joint Ventures And Associates". S&P typically includes dividends from associates in EBITDA, but equity method income is often added back later. Here, "Joint Ventures And Associates" = 239,429,000 EUR is included *after* the "Profit Loss Before Provisions..." line item, so we need to add it back if it was subtracted, or include it if it wasn't. Looking at the P&L structure: "Net of Revenue..." + "Other Income" - "Services..." - "Employee..." - "Other Expense..." - "Impairment..." = -1,836,941,000. Then "Joint Ventures..." (+239,429,000) is added to get "Profit Loss Before Provisions..." 4,523,539,000. Wait, 6,121,051,000 + 927,450,000 - 1,103,668,000 - 770,800,000 - 829,724,000 - 60,199,000 = 4,284,110,000. Adding Joint Ventures 239,429,000 gives 4,523,539,000. So yes, the starting "Profit Loss Before Provisions..." already includes Joint Ventures income.
    *   S&P adjustments typically include adding back dividends from associates if not already included in EBITDA, but equity income is generally already in pre-tax profit. S&P usually adds back impairment charges, restructuring costs, and adjusts for non-recurring items. However, the provided data just gives the standard financial statement lines. EBITDA as commonly defined is "Profit Loss Before Provisions, Amortisation, Financial, Tax". This is exactly the line "Profit Loss Before Provisions Amortisation And Impairment Financial Income And Financial Expenses Income Tax Expense And Extraordinary Contribution To The Energy Sector CESE" = 4,523,539,000 EUR. This is the standard EBITDA proxy. No further adjustments are obvious from the provided data for S&P adjustments like specific restructuring leases etc., so we'll use this.
    *   EBITDA = 4,523,539,000 EUR.

2.  **Calculate Net Debt:**
    *   Gross Debt = "Longterm Borrowings" + "Current Borrowings And Current Portion Of Noncurrent Borrowings".
    *   Longterm Borrowings (2023-01-01) = 15,782,604,000 EUR.
    *   Current Borrowings (2023-01-01) = 4,239,869,000 EUR.
    *   Total Debt = 15,782,604,000 + 4,239,869,000 = 20,022,473,000 EUR.
    *   Cash and Cash Equivalents (2023-01-01) = 4,900,205,000 EUR.
    *   S&P Net Debt typically includes adjustments for lease liabilities (if treated as debt-like), pensions, asset retirement obligations, etc. The provided data includes "Right-of-use Assets" and lease payments, but from a simple financial statement perspective, we start with Total Debt minus Cash. S&P often includes "Noncurrent Provisions for Employee Benefits" as debt-like. Let's check if S&P would include something else. For simplicity from the balance sheet, we have:
        *   Long-term borrowings = 15,782,604k
        *   Current borrowings = 4,239,869k
        *   Cash = 4,900,205k
        *   Simple Net Debt = 15,782,604 + 4,239,869 - 4,900,205 = 15,122,268k EUR.
        *   S&P adjustments might include "Institutional Partnerships in North America" and "Other Noncurrent Financial Liabilities" if they are debt. S&P also adjusts for "Noncurrent Provisions for Employee Benefits". 644,299k EUR for employee benefits, and "Other Longterm Provisions" 922,059k EUR. They also add operating lease liabilities. The data has Right-of-use Assets 1,320,270k EUR. Let's assume standard S&P adjustments for underfunded pensions are added to debt. Net underfunded pensions = 644,299k EUR. Other long-term provisions = 922,059k EUR. Also, "Other Current Financial Liabilities" (3,600,893k EUR) and "Trade Payables..." (8,404,970k EUR) are not typically in S&P net debt.
        *   Also "Institutional Partnerships in North America" (2,212,162k EUR) and "Other Noncurrent Financial Liabilities" (5,159,496k EUR) - these might be debt. Let's add them to be conservative S&P style.
        *   So S&P Adjusted Debt = Long-term borrowings (15,782,604) + Current borrowings (4,239,869) + Employee Benefits (644,299) + Other Longterm Provisions (922,059) + Institutional Partnerships (2,212,162) + Other Noncurrent Financial Liabilities (5,159,496) = 28,960,489k EUR.
        *   Less Cash = 4,900,205k EUR.
        *   Adjusted Net Debt = 24,060,284k EUR.

3.  **Calculate Ratio:**
    *   Ratio = Net Debt / EBITDA.
    *   Ratio = 24,060,284 / 4,523,539.

Let's refine this. S&P usually takes:
Debt = Reported total debt (short-term + long-term) + lease liabilities + underfunded pensions + other debt-like items (like the Institutional Partnerships and Other Noncurrent Financial Liabilities if they are considered debt).
Cash = Cash and Cash Equivalents (usually no restricted cash).
EBITDA = As reported but adjusted for dividends from associates if material, asset impairments, and other non-recurring items. Since we don't have non-recurring items split, we use the reported EBITDA.

Reported EBITDA = 4,523,539
Cash = 4,900,205
Total Borrowings = 15,782,604 + 4,239,869 = 20,022,473
Lease Liabilities (part of borrowings? Yes, under S&P methodology, lease liabilities are often broken out, but here they are included in borrowings. We shouldn't double count. "Right-of-use Assets" = 1,320,270, usually matching liabilities).
Pensions = 644,299
Other Long-term Provisions = 922,059
Institutional Partnerships = 2,212,162
Other Non-current Financial Liabilities = 5,159,496
If we add all these:
20,022,473 + 644,299 + 922,059 + 2,212,162 + 5,159,496 = 28,960,489
Minus Cash 4,900,205 = Net Debt 24,060,284.

Let's see if the ratio looks reasonable. 24,060,284 / 4,523,539 = 5.32.

Maybe a simpler S&P calculation approach:
S&P Adjusted Debt = Total Debt (20,022,473) - Cash (4,900,205) = 15,122,268. S&P then adjusts for operating leases and pensions. Without specific adjustments for S&P's exact treatment of the other financial liabilities and partnerships (which are sometimes treated as debt or equity), the Minimum Net Debt is 15,122,268k.
EBITDA = 4,523,539k.
Minimum ratio = 15,122,268 / 4,523,539 = 3.34.
Given the complexity, I'll go with the straightforward "Debt - Cash" / EBITDA, which S&P uses as a starting point, and sometimes S&P excludes specific "adjustments" which we cannot fully detail without more text. But typically, "Other Noncurrent Financial Liabilities" and "Institutional Partnerships" are indeed counted as debt by S&P, as well as Pensions.

Let's use the comprehensive S&P-like debt: 20,022,473 (Borrowings) + 5,159,496 (Other Non-Curr Fin Liab) + 2,212,162 (Inst. Partnerships) + 644,299 (Pensions) + 922,059 (Other Provisions) = 28,960,489. Cash = 4,900,205.
Net debt = 24,060,284.
EBITDA = 4,523,539.
Ratio = 24,060,284 / 4,523,539 = 5.32.

I'll provide the ratio as 5.319.</think><answer>5.319</answer>