To estimate the FFO / Net debt ratio for 2022 based on S&P methodology, I need to calculate the Funds From Operations (FFO) and Net Debt, then compute the ratio. **1. Calculate Funds From Operations (FFO):** S&P’s FFO is typically based on: * Operating Profit (EBIT) or Comparable EBITDA * Less interest expense (net of interest income) * Less current income tax * Adjustments for non-operating items. Alternatively, a common formula starts from Profit/Loss from Operating Activities and adds back Depreciation & Amortization, adjustments for equity-accounted investees, and impairments, but removes gains on asset sales. Given the data, the calculation is: Profit/Loss from operating activities: 1,277M + Depreciation and amortisation: 566M - Share of profit of associates/JV: (-629M) -> add back 629M - Capital gains: (785M) -> subtract 785M - Impairment reversal: (905M) -> subtract 905M - Other IAC: Items affecting comparability include changes in derivatives, but S&P adjusts for gains on asset sales and impairments. FFO = 1,277 + 566 + 629 - 785 - 905 = 782M EUR. Let's verify. Comparable EBITDA is 2,436M EUR. Adjustments: Interest expense (179M) + Interest income (87M) + Other finance (101M) + Tax (556M). But for net debt ratio, S&P adjusts FFO from operations. Let's use Comparable EBITDA 2,436M. Less: Interest paid (201M) Less: Income taxes paid (167M) FFO = 2,436 - 201 - 167 = 2,068M EUR. Wait, the S&P FFO formula: FFO = Comparable EBITDA - Interest Expense (cash) - Current income tax expense. From the cash flow statement: Comparable EBITDA: 2,436M Interest paid: (201M) Income taxes paid: (167M) FFO = 2,436 - 201 - 167 = 2,068M EUR. **2. Calculate Net Debt:** Net Debt = Total Debt - Cash and cash equivalents. Total Debt = Current + Non-Current borrowings. From the balance sheet data: Other Noncurrent Financial Liabilities: 3,658M Other Current Financial Liabilities: 4,127M Total Debt = 3,658 + 4,127 = 7,785M EUR. Cash and cash equivalents (Liquid Funds): 3,919M EUR. Net Debt = 7,785 - 3,919 = 3,866M EUR. **3. Calculate Ratio:** FFO / Net Debt = 2,068 / 3,866 = 0.535 However, S&P often excludes lease liabilities and certain derivative liabilities from debt, and adjusts for surplus cash. Given only the provided line items: Other Noncurrent Financial Liabilities = 3,658M Other Current Financial Liabilities = 4,127M Sum = 7,785M Liquid Funds = 3,919M If we just use these: 2,068 / (7,785 - 3,919) = 2,068 / 3,866 = 0.535. Let's check if margin liabilities/posted collateral should be netted from cash. Margin liabilities: 352M Margin receivables: 2,607M Often netted. Net Debt (adjusted) = (3,658 + 4,127) - (3,919 + 2,607 - 352) = 7,785 - 6,174 = 1,611M Then FFO / Net Debt = 2,068 / 1,611 = 1.28. Standard S&P definition: Net Debt = Debt (short-term + long-term) - Cash & equivalents. Surplus cash reduces debt. Ratio = 2,068 / (7,785 - 3,919) = 2,068 / 3,866 = 0.5349. Final answer: 0.535 (rounded). 0.535