To estimate the FFO / Net debt ratio for 2022 based on S&P methodology, I need to calculate: 1. **Funds From Operations (FFO)** for the period 2022-01-01 to 2023-01-01. 2. **Net Debt** as of 2023-01-01. 3. Divide FFO by Net Debt. **Step 1: Calculate Funds From Operations (FFO)** S&P’s definition of FFO typically starts with Profit/Loss from Continuing Operations and adds back depreciation and amortization, impairments, and adjusts for gains/losses on asset disposals and equity-accounted associates. From the data: * Profit/Loss from Continuing Operations (2022): 238,000,000 EUR * Amortisation Expense (2022): 299,000,000 EUR * Impairment and Gains/Losses on Disposal of Non-Current Assets (2022): -6,000,000 EUR. This represents a net loss, so it should be added back. * Share of Profit/Loss of Associates (2022): 165,000,000 EUR. * Dividends Received from Associates (Operating Activities): 284,000,000 EUR. In S&P methodology, dividends from associates are often added back to FFO if the share of profit from associates was subtracted (or vice versa, adjustments are made to reconcile accrual profit to cash dividends). However, the standard FFO formula typically adds back the non-cash equity income and includes dividends received. Let's stick to the base formula: FFO = Profit from continuing ops + Depreciation & Amortization + Impairments/Disposal losses - Gains on disposals - Equity income + Dividends from associates. Calculation: FFO = 238,000,000 + 299,000,000 - (-6,000,000) - 165,000,000 + 284,000,000 FFO = 238,000,000 + 299,000,000 + 6,000,000 - 165,000,000 + 284,000,000 FFO = 662,000,000 EUR *Note: S&P sometimes includes adjustments for deferred taxes, provisions, and other non-cash items, but with the provided data, the standard simplified calculation yields 662M. Let's double-check if there's a more precise figure using the operating cash flow reconciliation: Cash Flows from Operating Activities = 1,002,000,000. Adjustments to reconcile profit = -697,000,000. Working capital changes = 83,000,000. Taxes paid = 82,000,000. FFO is often calculated as Cash Flow from Operations + Interest Paid + Taxes Paid - Working Capital Adjustments. But Interest Paid is in financing activities (329,000,000). Using the direct method from P&L is generally more straightforward here.* **Step 2: Calculate Net Debt** Net Debt = Total Debt - Cash and Cash Equivalents. Total Debt includes current and non-current borrowings. * **Cash and Cash Equivalents (2023-01-01)**: 5,130,000,000 EUR * **Current Borrowings and Current Portion of Non-Current Borrowings (2023-01-01)**: 877,000,000 EUR * **Non-Current Portion of Other Non-Current Borrowings (2023-01-01)**: 10,776,000,000 EUR * **Non-Current Lease Liabilities (2023-01-01)**: 120,000,000 EUR * **Current Lease Liabilities (2023-01-01)**: 64,000,000 EUR S&P typically includes lease liabilities in debt. Total Debt = 877,000,000 + 10,776,000,000 + 120,000,000 + 64,000,000 Total Debt = 11,837,000,000 EUR Net Debt = 11,837,000,000 - 5,130,000,000 Net Debt = 6,707,000,000 EUR *Note: Restricted cash is sometimes excluded from cash for net debt calculations, but "Cash and Cash Equivalents Infrastructure Projects" (168M) and "Current Restricted Cash..." (38M) are included within the total Cash and Cash Equivalents line (5,130M). If we exclude them, cash would be lower, increasing net debt. However, S&P generally uses the total reported Cash & Equivalents unless restrictions are severe.* **Step 3: Calculate FFO / Net Debt Ratio** Ratio = FFO / Net Debt Ratio = 662,000,000 / 6,707,000,000 Ratio ≈ 0.0987 After rounding, the value is 0.10. 0.10