To estimate the FFO / Net debt ratio for 2022 based on S&P methodology, I need to calculate two things: 1. **Funds from Operations (FFO)** for the period 2022-01-01 to 2023-01-01 (i.e., fiscal year 2022). 2. **Net Debt** as of 2023-01-01 (end of 2022). --- ### Step 1: Calculate FFO Under S&P’s approach, FFO is typically: - Profit/Loss for the period - Plus Depreciation & Amortisation - Plus Impairment losses (or minus reversals) - Plus changes in provisions (if not cash-related, but here we have "Changes in Other Provisions") - Adjusted for other non-cash items and gains/losses on asset disposals if present. From the data: - Profit/Loss (2022): 111,771,000 EUR - Depreciation & Amortisation: 249,276,000 EUR - Impairment loss (reversal) recognised in P&L: 1,437,000 EUR (reversal is negative for FFO) - Changes in Other Provisions: -2,230,000 EUR (decrease in provisions, so subtract) No obvious gains/losses on disposal of fixed assets are listed, so I’ll omit that. **FFO = 111,771 + 249,276 + 1,437 + (-2,230) = 360,254,000 EUR** Wait — check sign: - Impairment line says "Impairment Loss Reversal Of Impairment Loss Recognised In Profit Or Loss" = 1,437,000. This is already a net figure (positive meaning impairment loss, negative would be reversal). The given value is positive, so it is an expense, so we add back. - "Changes In Other Provisions" = -2,230,000. A negative means provisions decreased, which increased profit, so we subtract from FFO. So: FFO = 111,771,000 + 249,276,000 + 1,437,000 - 2,230,000 = 360,254,000 EUR. --- ### Step 2: Calculate Net Debt Net Debt = Debt (short-term borrowings + long-term borrowings) – Cash & cash equivalents. From balance sheet at 2023-01-01: - Long-term borrowings: 1,695,362,000 EUR - Current borrowings & current portion of noncurrent borrowings: 638,944,000 EUR - Cash & cash equivalents: 365,292,000 EUR Total Debt = 1,695,362,000 + 638,944,000 = 2,334,306,000 EUR Net Debt = 2,334,306,000 – 365,292,000 = 1,969,014,000 EUR --- ### Step 3: Ratio FFO / Net Debt = 360,254,000 / 1,969,014,000 ≈ 0.1830. In percentage terms, that's 18.3%, but given the context the ratio is typically expressed as a decimal or percentage; I’ll express as a decimal. --- 0.183