To estimate the Net Debt / EBITDA ratio for 2022 based on the S&P methodology, we first need to calculate the components: Net Debt and EBITDA.

**1. Calculate EBITDA for 2022:**
According to S&P methodology, EBITDA is typically calculated as Profit From Operating Activities plus Depreciation, Amortisation, and Impairment Loss.
From the income statement facts for the period 2022-01-01 to 2023-01-01:
- Profit Loss From Operating Activities = 7,984,000,000 EUR
- Depreciation Amortisation And Impairment Loss Reversal Of Impairment Loss Recognised In Profit Or Loss = 4,774,000,000 EUR
EBITDA = 7,984,000,000 + 4,774,000,000 = 12,758,000,000 EUR.
*(Note: This matches the reported "Beneficio Bruto De Explotacion Ebitda" of 13,228,000,000 EUR if we also add the reported Correccion Valorativa of -470,000,000 EUR. S&P often uses the standard operating profit + D&A, but let's check the reported EBITDA as well: 13,228,000,000 EUR. S&P defines EBITDA as operating profit + D&A. 7,984 + 4,774 = 12,758. However, S&P also accepts reported EBITDA if it's a standard metric. Let's use the reported EBITDA 13,228M, or the calculated one 12,758M. Let's stick to the calculated EBITDA which is strictly Operating Profit + D&A = 12,758,000,000 EUR, but also consider the reported EBITDA. Actually, the reported EBITDA is 13,228M. Let's use the reported EBITDA as it's explicitly provided).*

**2. Calculate Net Debt at the end of 2022:**
Under S&P methodology, Net Debt is typically calculated as Total Financial Debt (Short-term + Long-term) minus Cash and Cash Equivalents.
From the balance sheet facts at 2023-01-01 (end of 2022):
- Noncurrent Financial Liabilities = 44,216,000,000 EUR
- Current Financial Liabilities = 25,079,000,000 EUR
Total Financial Debt = 44,216,000,000 + 25,079,000,000 = 69,295,000,000 EUR.
- Cash And Cash Equivalents = 4,608,000,000 EUR
Net Debt = 69,295,000,000 - 4,608,000,000 = 64,687,000,000 EUR.

*(Note: S&P includes lease liabilities in debt. The financial liabilities above already include lease liabilities (Noncurrent Lease Liabilities of 2,287M and Current Lease Liabilities of 151M), so they are appropriately accounted for within the total financial liabilities. Derivative liabilities are also usually excluded from debt in standard S&P net debt calculations unless specified, but they are embedded in the financial liabilities line. For a strict S&P definition, Debt = Long-term Debt + Short-term Debt + Lease Liabilities. Let's look at the breakdown: Noncurrent debt (Deudas Con Entidades De Credito... 36,129M + Instrumentos... 576M + Leases 2,287M + Other 1,534M) + Current debt (Deudas... 10,458M + Instrumentos... 87M + Leases 151M + Other 5,058M). Summing all financial liabilities is the most straightforward and accurate reflection of the total financial debt provided.)*

**3. Calculate the Ratio:**
Net Debt / EBITDA = 64,687,000,000 / 13,228,000,000 = 4.888...
If using the strictly calculated EBITDA (Operating Profit + D&A): 64,687,000,000 / 12,758,000,000 = 5.068...
Given the reported "Beneficio Bruto De Explotacion Ebitda" is explicitly 13,228,000,000 EUR, we use the reported EBITDA.

Ratio = 64,687 / 13,228 = 4.8889

<answer>4.89</answer>