Step 1: Identify the relevant industry Electricité de France (EDF) is a major electricity utility company. Based on the provided methodologies, the relevant industry is "Regulated Utilities" (with possible overlap into "Unregulated Power And Gas" for some of its merchant operations, but the core regulated utility methodology applies to the ratios). Step 2: Estimate Adjusted EBITDA We start with the reported Operating Profit Before Depreciation And Amortisation (EBITDA) for 2022, which is -4,986,000,000 EUR. We then make standard S&P adjustments: - Adjustment for leases: Operating lease interest and depreciation are typically added back to reconstruct EBITDA. The difference between "Finance Income Cost" (net interest) and "Interest Expense" (gross interest) gives the capitalized interest/expenses. However, Rent/Lease expense is not explicitly provided. Thus, 0 is added for lease adjustments. - Nonrecurring items: EDF had an Impairment Loss of 1,762,000,000 EUR and Other Income/Expenses excluded from EBE of 687,000,000 EUR (mostly non-recurring). S&P typically adds back impairments and non-recurring losses. Net gain/loss add-back = 1,762m - 687m = 1,075m EUR. - Pension adjustments: Not explicitly quantifiable for S&P fair value adjustments from the face of the income statement, so we assume 0. - Joint Venture proportional EBITDA: S&P often proportionally consolidates JVs for utilities. "Share Of Profit Loss Of Associates And Joint Ventures" is 759,000,000 EUR. We approximate proportional EBITDA by adding this back. - Other normalization: -849,000,000 EUR from "Net Changes In Fair Value On Energy And Commodity Derivatives Excluding Trading Activities" is typically excluded from adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA = -4,986 + 0 + 1,762 (impairment) - 687 (other gains) + 0 + 759 (JV proportion) - (-849) (derivatives add-back) Adjusted EBITDA = -4,986 + 1,075 + 759 + 849 = -2,303,000,000 EUR. Step 3: Estimate FFO FFO = Adjusted EBITDA - cash_interest - cash_taxes - Cash interest: "Interest Expense" is 1,730,000,000 EUR. "Discount Effect" (usually interest on provisions) is 174,000,000 EUR. Cash interest disbursed is approximated by Interest Expense + Discount Effect = 1,904,000,000 EUR. - Cash taxes: "Income Tax Expense Continuing Operations" is -3,926,000,000 EUR. S&P adjusts taxes for non-recurring items. Assuming the normalized tax rate applies to normalized pre-tax income (-22,916m + 1,075m non-recurring + 759m JV + 849m derivatives = -20,233m), the implied cash taxes are proportionally -3,467m. However, if using reported cash taxes from the cash flow statement ("Income Taxes Paid Refund" = 1,282,000,000 EUR), it reflects the actual cash outflow. We use the cash flow statement taxes paid of 1,282,000,000 EUR. FFO = -2,303,000,000 - 1,904,000,000 - 1,282,000,000 = -5,489,000,000 EUR. Step 4: Estimate Adjusted Debt Adjusted Debt = Reported Debt + Leases + Pension Deficit + Guarantees + Hybrid Debt + Other debt-like items - Eligible Cash - Reported Debt: "Other Noncurrent Financial Liabilities" (71,058m) + "Other Current Financial Liabilities" (71,844m) + "Special French Public Electricity Distribution Concession Liabilities" (49,459m) = 192,361,000,000 EUR. - Leases: Not explicitly broken out, assumed 0. - Pension Deficit: Not quantifiable from the balance sheet provided (noncurrent provisions for employee benefits is 16,231m, but the funded status is unknown), assumed 0. - Hybrid Debt: "Proceeds From Issue Of Subordinated Liabilities And Convertible Instruments" in cash flow is 994m. S&P generally treats subordinated perpetual bonds as intermediate between debt and equity (often 50% debt). We'll include 50% of 994m = 497m. Alternatively, if looking at the concession liabilities as debt-like, they are already included. Let's include half of subordinated liabilities: ~497m. (Total ~192,858m). - Eligible Cash: "Cash And Cash Equivalents" = 10,948,000,000 EUR. Adjusted Debt = 192,361,000,000 + 497,000,000 - 10,948,000,000 = 181,910,000,000 EUR. Step 5: Calculate FFO / Adjusted Debt FFO / Adjusted Debt = -5,489,000,000 / 181,910,000,000 = -0.030174... Rounding to four decimal places: -0.0302