Results

q1a: S&P Net Debt / EBITDA (x)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	4.84	3.92	0.80	3.98	955	76.985	4.8	8838	109.704	4.31	10432	98.435	3.84	7235	143.679	4.06	1513	28.072	4.47	582	9.647	2.07	19	1.568	4.63	1077	25.246	3.15	1730	15.607	4.47	7178	56.629	3.38	661	2.923
ENI S.P.A. 2022	0.95	1.02	0.38	1.15	3247	115.611	0.97	9098	126.136	1.29	16816	130.658	0.51	3996	39.129	0.96	900	19.286	0.82	567	10.005	1.85	18	1.371	1.05	1102	26.282	1.3	1605	16.497	0.6	13867	127.272	0.68	631	3.29
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	3.47	3.42	0.58	3.92	1096	43.436	3.27	5066	74.471	3.96	11668	79.672	3.03	4662	59.28	3.17	1230	29.477	3.03	705	14.915	2.66	18	1.294	4.74	1261	32.845	3.3	1461	12.601	3.51	16486	153.474	3.04	722	3.512
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	4.35	4.74	0.44	4.52	886	64.905	4.71	5198	81.314	4.98	16262	169.171	4.59	4765	100.258	4.45	921	20.25	4.45	683	10.897	4.12	18	1.288	5.64	1119	26.285	4.98	1169	10.78	4.46	5841	47.406	5.27	683	3.679
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	3.21	3.63	0.90	4.5	3395	83.75	4.28	6498	77.671	3.55	18503	117.335	4.28	2584	35.006	3.79	808	15.629	3.1	641	10.189	1.36	18	1.423	4.28	1196	28.645	3.26	1461	13.345	3.32	14688	115.561	4.19	705	3.347
EDP, S.A. 2022	4.06	3.89	0.75	4.1	2025	91.743	4.26	13000	222.821	3.53	10491	71.597	3.65	5529	86.191	3.59	1712	36.26	4.29	950	16.823	2.31	18	1.53	4.32	1077	27.89	5.15	2509	21.904	4.37	24275	185.553	3.2	933	3.783
ENGIE 2022	3.25	3.50	1.53	3.84	26300	529.061	3.08	10542	208.909	5.31	23516	189.136	2.63	8970	175.95	2.01	1213	19.99	2.53	883	14.841	7.12	18	1.348	4.04	1319	33.252	2.94	1364	13.121	2.79	16262	127.922	2.24	624	3.743
IBERDROLA SA 2022	3.91	4.34	0.85	5.39	1772	70.693	4.22	13457	251.056	5.23	14606	134.174	4.27	6803	141.463	4.93	1643	37.156	3.5	727	11.602	2.67	18	1.448	4.28	1191	28.054	4.7	1392	13.112	3.5	15537	154.421	5.08	672	2.953
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	2.67	2.66	0.52	2.43	1404	115.062	2.49	7032	90.409	2.11	28467	235.013	2.49	2297	25.074	2.53	833	14.934	2.49	539	9.781	2.25	18	1.185	3.72	1175	29.93	3.64	1747	16.828	2.55	8218	66.987	2.6	716	3.228
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	83.85	30.23	28.74	86.48	819	36.853	53.79	18570	275.97	8.66	40897	421.742	9.76	8875	165.954	23.15	1440	33.237	51.3	717	11.222	3.12	18	1.079	65.26	1192	28.738	13.1	1276	11.63	9.38	17202	141.717	8.5	818	3.482
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	3.92	3.74	0.62	3.73	1179	57.147	4.57	12639	222.95	4.09	16516	142.798	3.96	4822	112.861	3.51	977	23.6	4.48	996	15.534	2.47	18	1.357	3.96	1877	43.268	3.4	1797	15.696	4.0	17875	157.033	2.99	845	3.918
ØRSTED A/S 2022	2.5	2.72	1.30	4.79	1995	67.366	2.04	11520	187.493	1.91	12847	98.873	2.79	6364	92.347	2.16	1307	22.811	3.08	594	11.798	4.86	18	1.348	3.75	1233	29.043	0.68	1659	15.593	2.04	11461	90.39	1.84	686	3.871
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	-8.22	-43.21	60.73	-150.33	1057	55.562	-31.9	9431	128.32	51.38	11724	104.161	-25.12	5188	53.687	-19.55	914	23.922	-35.82	616	10.421	0.62	18	1.343	-41.13	1176	28.824	-157.68	2005	20.174	-24.21	23316	215.651	-41.59	768	3.543
ERG S.P.A. 2022	not available	5.04	2.45	4.38	2152	108.68	4.61	15878	279.11	11.76	17733	153.281	4.35	4647	64.688	4.23	1330	30.007	3.76	618	10.427	2.23	18	3.141	4.23	1174	25.126	6.17	1311	12.565	4.01	9548	76.165	5.7	745	3.242
Acciona SA 2022	not available	2.82	0.23	2.66	1074	57.06	2.78	14482	185.079	2.41	9748	77.849	2.66	7214	71.779	3.1	1017	15.983	2.68	660	10.352	3.12	18	1.181	2.85	1183	31.757	3.17	1459	14.16	2.79	20618	158.771	2.79	718	2.971
Fortum Oyj 2022	1.84	6.03	11.67	3.16	882	34.265	1.59	10750	160.731	2.54	22520	179.974	1.59	4657	83.27	3.98	1365	34.194	1.59	481	8.864	0.6	18	1.127	1.8	1093	27.753	7.04	1744	16.89	1.58	9989	92.446	40.81	714	3.971
VERBUND AG 2022	1.6	1.24	0.47	0.95	1181	73.358	1.12	7164	92.256	1.04	12189	79.665	1.12	4357	53.531	1.16	985	23.664	1.12	649	10.14	2.63	18	1.376	1.28	1220	30.07	1.18	2203	19.801	1.11	11167	101.051	0.98	746	3.211
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	not available	5.13	0.92	5.93	2024	67.579	5.33	11048	144.057	5.49	14845	131.42	3.83	5871	121.222	5.83	1184	25.091	5.61	751	10.449	3.04	18	1.309	5.5	1148	27.687	4.57	1502	14.085	5.63	8020	81.012	5.63	820	3.333
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	not available	3.55	0.50	3.82	892	44.877	3.75	8391	129.337	3.18	16395	166.619	3.99	3700	51.161	3.45	854	18.21	3.75	708	11.877	2.33	18	1.166	4.17	1102	26.571	3.33	1256	11.668	3.74	11127	85.655	3.5	751	3.056
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	4.37	4.41	0.75	4.54	5384	115.253	4.16	8680	126.941	4.09	7162	88.466	4.49	5615	106.237	4.53	1176	30.6	4.36	711	11.022	2.49	18	1.214	5.05	1174	26.757	5.36	1387	12.827	4.38	11246	87.022	5.11	576	2.398
HERA S.P.A. 2022	4.23	4.01	1.18	3.8	1716	60.867	2.82	6115	78.343	4.5	17347	145.7	3.73	4277	74.57	4.31	1037	24.107	5.07	777	12.246	2.28	18	1.141	6.43	1115	24.785	4.31	1521	14.358	4.28	13101	108.759	2.59	759	3.046
VINCI 2022	1.89	2.19	0.70	2.05	781	20.053	2.33	9687	153.997	1.95	18688	206.78	1.85	4905	61.848	1.77	1099	25.806	1.97	541	9.247	4.23	18	1.259	2.04	1161	29.143	2.1	1018	9.93	1.96	13729	110.576	1.8	780	3.84
BOUYGUES 2022	3.26	1.54	0.90	2.35	1397	64.841	2.21	6682	87.259	0.62	17862	167.981	2.36	4225	58.475	0.55	741	18.833	2.21	524	8.693	0.61	18	1.406	2.58	1222	29.342	0.61	1044	9.114	2.21	10342	91.185	0.68	865	3.484
FERROVIAL SA 2022	not available	8.28	2.82	10.14	1211	58.405	10.42	13922	204.105	9.38	5486	56.782	9.45	5702	112.883	4.57	1333	32.208	7.26	781	14.52	3.1	18	1.846	12.04	1244	28.756	6.6	1725	16.685	6.92	11591	106.057	11.19	847	3.858

	Mean Absolute Error (ratio)	Mean Bias Error (ratio)	Root Mean Squared Error (ratio)	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	1.133	-0.803	3.980	2113.41	88.06	97.43	1.52	0.06	0.02
Kimi K2.6	0.301	-0.199	0.688	3698.44	154.10	65.08	1.69	0.07	0.02
MiniMax M2.7	0.647	0.352	1.703	3447.28	143.64	75.16	0.69	0.03	0.01
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.294	-0.227	0.546	2090.54	87.11	41.11	0.83	0.03	0.01
GLM 5.1	0.316	-0.138	0.507	603.33	25.14	6.63	1.18	0.05	0.01
GPT-5.5	0.314	-0.241	0.790	275.51	11.48	2.23	4.21	0.18	0.03
GPT-5 nano	0.636	-0.001	0.722	33.75	1.41	0.40	0.04	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0.414	-0.081	0.954	696.05	29.00	3.76	4.87	0.20	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	1.368	-0.890	4.238	348.97	14.54	3.19	1.02	0.04	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0.250	-0.227	0.513	2738.72	114.11	41.41	5.63	0.23	0.06
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	1.605	0.728	4.960	81.68	3.40	0.39	0.25	0.01	0.00

q1b: S&P FFO / Net Debt (x)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	0.1567	0.15	0.05	0.1402	1032	67.124	0.136	12762	209.764	0.1624	19495	241.67	0.1501	9441	268.714	0.1778	1040	23.964	0.1402	718	12.606	0.0522	19	1.668	0.1542	1278	29.941	0.2429	1531	13.965	0.1668	12963	103.591	0.1779	915	3.664
ENI S.P.A. 2022	0.6593	0.67	0.19	0.7607	895	87.124	0.561	15321	208.362	0.7145	18214	228.814	0.8858	7960	237.365	0.7081	1249	23.596	0.7452	669	11.092	0.1564	19	1.517	0.6083	1434	36.825	0.7759	2186	19.035	0.6116	29271	267.189	0.7882	826	3.384
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	0.2317	0.23	0.05	0.2354	737	21.125	0.2699	14200	224.06	0.198	11336	141.179	0.3059	5742	85.405	0.2425	1452	31.079	0.2354	526	7.561	0.1785	19	2.94	0.1733	1268	30.401	0.3012	1455	13.401	0.1601	19048	158.328	0.249	697	3.029
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	0.1724	0.15	0.03	0.182	3723	129.794	0.1727	13846	270.397	0.1462	11963	100.884	0.1606	4766	82.341	0.1336	1007	31.06	0.1664	718	12.304	0.0638	19	1.24	0.1304	1230	26.757	0.1521	1283	12.561	0.1711	18587	150.615	0.1343	845	2.999
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	0.2063	0.16	0.04	0.1881	829	44.576	0.1579	15338	263.508	0.181	21187	264.874	0.1603	2911	53.512	0.164	1298	26.928	0.1881	680	10.118	0.0443	19	2.162	0.1321	1187	23.809	0.2115	1341	11.267	0.1802	10235	98.221	0.1579	669	2.917
EDP, S.A. 2022	0.1884	0.18	0.08	0.1486	1672	81.761	0.18	18491	252.437	0.1028	27065	200.3	0.1455	5046	83.792	0.231	1193	28.475	0.1744	1072	17.137	0.12	19	1.289	0.1635	1543	36.682	0.2163	1391	13.577	0.1158	21013	149.086	0.3934	801	3.275
ENGIE 2022	0.2483	0.33	0.13	0.474	1109	56.044	0.3776	16423	326.594	0.2608	20462	254.087	0.3816	8089	101.884	0.3342	1386	27.408	0.3152	703	11.347	0.0702	19	1.816	0.207	5080	114.5	0.5137	2045	20.826	0.2834	28576	277.494	0.4235	829	2.994
IBERDROLA SA 2022	0.1965	0.19	0.05	0.2624	838	54.362	0.1804	28756	578.073	0.1722	17164	207.134	0.1743	6970	122.904	0.2096	1185	32.644	0.2185	874	14.883	0.068	19	1.428	0.2252	1319	34.66	0.2122	1524	14.428	0.194	28629	271.085	0.1868	976	4.29
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	0.2847	0.27	0.07	0.3352	1292	90.51	0.2981	13708	231.776	0.3321	11222	161.586	0.2981	5983	150.177	0.2102	1274	29.68	0.2979	644	11.051	0.1332	19	1.24	0.2785	1378	33.322	0.165	1447	12.73	0.3048	18538	148.398	0.2981	626	2.852
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	-0.01	0.05	0.15	-0.0105	2176	52.975	0.0567	27150	376.083	0.076	19811	225.647	-0.0113	9140	123.781	-0.0086	1064	23.526	0.0214	1012	16.028	-0.1493	19	1.223	0.0106	1287	633.845	0.4555	1961	17.024	0.076	29435	240.854	-0.0141	707	3.401
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	0.1972	0.19	0.06	0.2021	1179	80.444	0.191	19236	290.18	0.2135	22468	155.548	0.1949	5698	89.312	0.2893	1464	27.729	0.1654	1125	17.258	0.0451	19	1.401	0.1677	6431	130.498	0.2164	2162	19.071	0.1688	22205	178.886	0.2327	933	3.609
ØRSTED A/S 2022	0.3124	0.28	0.20	0.3409	1158	50.269	0.1391	12982	178.132	0.3344	23462	434.064	0.2134	8634	207.24	0.0489	1773	30.069	0.1741	672	10.628	0.0396	19	1.298	0.2941	1180	28.733	0.3821	1398	13.719	0.7479	19525	154.184	0.3721	851	3.22
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	-0.1579	0.01	0.18	-0.0275	986	56.014	-0.0157	20697	315.144	0.5349	24916	233.917	-0.0854	5692	97.89	-0.0302	1174	29.429	-0.0501	702	12.977	-0.0689	19	1.482	0.0059	10228	219.446	-0.0706	1222	12.063	-0.0711	26451	207.937	-0.0095	890	3.824
ERG S.P.A. 2022	not available	0.15	0.07	0.1594	1041	62.311	0.1688	22142	432.758	-0.0109	34987	336.558	0.1688	5547	73.184	0.1868	1332	32.432	0.1895	751	12.057	0.0473	19	1.295	0.162	1262	29.34	0.202	1620	14.092	0.189	16354	122.554	0.1654	785	3.132
Acciona SA 2022	not available	0.27	0.06	0.3179	1529	104.338	0.2074	14772	203.557	0.3141	22852	264.567	0.2372	8415	249.462	0.3395	1313	28.759	0.2953	736	11.766	0.1746	19	1.383	0.209	1155	29.12	0.2324	1333	11.715	0.2899	19093	152.721	0.3218	887	3.4
Fortum Oyj 2022	0.4556	0.39	0.22	0.5331	766	52.503	0.5174	14470	194.797	0.182	33739	404.076	0.6213	6963	116.531	0.4499	1176	25.386	0.5331	719	12.249	-0.1472	19	1.321	0.4599	1112	28.792	0.3936	1660	15.428	0.5594	12088	119.613	0.2406	688	2.569
VERBUND AG 2022	0.5174	0.79	0.22	1.0054	1245	55.183	0.7847	11562	243.68	0.67	15860	208.625	0.9896	7676	140.69	0.7847	928	18.619	0.7847	791	12.284	0.2324	19	1.359	0.6895	1161	39.048	1.0051	1480	12.955	0.7945	24318	185.043	0.934	694	3.338
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	not available	0.15	0.02	0.1442	848	28.175	0.1485	10145	142.507	0.1426	22724	193.627	0.1471	8927	165.197	0.1445	897	19.99	0.1442	656	10.062	0.1589	19	3.11	0.1383	1226	28.88	0.2213	1426	12.537	0.148	10919	76.394	0.1509	912	3.521
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	not available	0.20	0.02	0.2128	4146	86.276	0.1773	13996	204.731	0.2024	30799	1014.628	0.1833	5601	111.654	0.1825	921	20.62	0.2117	637	10.701	0.1651	19	3.737	0.2011	1122	27.772	0.2068	1186	9.59	0.1978	30303	274.05	0.2108	651	3.236
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	0.1686	0.18	0.08	0.1604	3746	83.923	0.1693	11639	248.264	0.1941	9051	70.956	0.1881	1846	38.74	0.4032	1443	37.303	0.1821	758	10.297	0.0639	19	1.262	0.1436	1087	26.929	0.1503	1304	11.405	0.1735	24002	247.025	0.1495	799	3.139
HERA S.P.A. 2022	0.1733	0.19	0.04	0.1891	1183	48.753	0.2422	17295	224.264	0.1721	21351	201.873	0.211	6909	94.998	0.1816	1125	24.893	0.1986	788	12.695	0.1109	19	1.163	0.1394	1079	25.52	0.2568	1417	13.315	0.1694	11329	88.904	0.203	798	3.09
VINCI 2022	0.4221	0.37	0.07	0.398	791	50.82	0.352	16924	239.231	0.4192	26298	469.698	0.4159	5537	109.558	0.4085	994	26.212	0.3981	633	9.691	0.1839	19	2.707	0.3131	1360	34.652	0.3947	1072	10.343	0.3982	19956	181.581	0.3897	936	3.253
BOUYGUES 2022	0.2446	0.64	0.53	0.3502	2464	68.668	0.377	8125	117.882	0.3754	19794	222.652	0.3334	5492	97.145	1.3709	764	15.063	0.3938	653	10.171	0.2021	19	1.376	0.2454	1136	26.434	1.4638	1348	12.806	0.377	7443	58.582	1.5515	860	3.674
FERROVIAL SA 2022	not available	0.07	0.02	0.0564	1466	69.588	0.1002	17668	277.744	0.055	19103	222.74	0.0874	8199	106.594	0.1034	1021	22.109	0.0462	756	12.897	0.0796	19	1.513	0.0622	1245	30.39	0.0564	1555	15.06	0.1029	11889	95.302	0.0473	761	3.157

	Mean Absolute Error (ratio)	Mean Bias Error (ratio)	Root Mean Squared Error (ratio)	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0.252	0.193	0.389	1582.66	65.94	24.04	1.43	0.06	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0.594	0.448	1.569	6253.92	260.58	96.45	2.27	0.09	0.02
MiniMax M2.7	0.846	0.676	2.228	6459.70	269.15	184.97	0.83	0.03	0.01
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.254	0.133	0.334	3008.07	125.34	60.22	0.92	0.04	0.01
GLM 5.1	0.550	0.384	1.156	636.97	26.54	5.07	1.19	0.05	0.01
GPT-5.5	0.362	0.261	0.774	289.86	12.08	2.34	4.27	0.18	0.03
GPT-5 nano	1.320	-1.260	3.261	40.93	1.71	0.70	0.04	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0.298	0.079	0.558	1706.30	71.10	128.12	5.35	0.22	0.07
Claude Haiku 4.5	3.002	2.912	10.748	332.91	13.87	2.76	1.01	0.04	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0.700	0.580	2.015	4007.64	166.98	67.34	7.42	0.31	0.09
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0.603	0.437	1.307	78.97	3.29	0.36	0.25	0.01	0.00

q1c: Leverage Trend (Moody's Adjusted)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	Improving	-0.55	0.69	Deteriorating	1246	54.156	Deteriorating	6038	85.018	Improving	16298	143.165	Deteriorating	5670	103.644	Stable	2178	39.072	Deteriorating	1199	15.687	Stable	16	1.408	Deteriorating	1551	31.261	Deteriorating	2384	20.358	Stable	9840	70.807	Deteriorating	1069	3.776
ENI S.P.A. 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	2629	174.413	Improving	13319	228.173	Improving	12540	107.44	Improving	3564	43.637	Improving	1889	52.107	Improving	1559	19.246	Stable	16	1.213	Improving	1684	30.93	Improving	2037	16.3	Improving	6438	47.67	Improving	786	3.134
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	Improving	-0.82	0.40	Deteriorating	1700	61.116	Deteriorating	11352	175.131	Deteriorating	21789	185.966	Deteriorating	3747	59.372	Deteriorating	1347	27.661	Deteriorating	1161	12.74	Stable	16	1.149	Deteriorating	1330	25.779	Deteriorating	2599	21.247	Stable	7987	59.816	Deteriorating	1191	3.843
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	1215	44.635	Improving	3316	50.122	Improving	8631	108.408	Improving	3279	69.994	Improving	1463	27.729	Improving	1969	22.027	Stable	16	1.084	Improving	1914	33.376	Improving	2365	19.099	Improving	6717	47.407	Improving	1257	4.04
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	Improving	0.27	0.65	Stable	1531	73.324	Stable	4398	82.049	Improving	13443	133.097	Stable	3403	58.724	Deteriorating	1303	30.924	Stable	1624	20.056	Stable	16	1.116	Improving	1850	34.95	Improving	1725	13.68	Improving	11894	89.231	Stable	887	3.101
EDP, S.A. 2022	Improving	0.27	0.79	Improving	2504	92.317	Improving	9087	112.218	Stable	14989	98.847	Stable	5053	79.166	Stable	1773	38.219	Improving	1716	18.969	Stable	16	1.373	Improving	4348	91.357	Deteriorating	3119	26.384	Improving	8190	58.74	Deteriorating	1257	4.047
ENGIE 2022	Improving	-0.27	0.90	Improving	2275	64.878	Deteriorating	10883	128.246	Deteriorating	11810	94.513	Deteriorating	4920	60.608	Improving	1828	32.995	Deteriorating	1481	18.047	Stable	16	1.181	Stable	8876	180.435	Deteriorating	3176	24.972	Improving	7091	52.915	Deteriorating	863	3.269
IBERDROLA SA 2022	Stable	-0.36	0.50	Deteriorating	2820	65.959	Stable	11003	144.914	Stable	8096	79.752	Deteriorating	4785	80.087	Stable	2059	43.242	Stable	1593	16.886	Stable	16	15.758	Stable	2179	45.316	Deteriorating	2724	20.22	Stable	10131	74.855	Deteriorating	807	3.61
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	1074	44.55	Improving	4684	64.078	Improving	6624	87.995	Improving	3858	57.747	Improving	1601	30.599	Improving	1547	19.143	Stable	16	1.24	Improving	2732	54.96	Improving	2703	22.419	Improving	4052	30.555	Improving	1170	4.702
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	2707	84.255	Deteriorating	16411	234.749	Deteriorating	12769	151.027	Deteriorating	4710	74.051	Deteriorating	1703	28.386	Deteriorating	1530	17.297	Stable	16	1.093	Deteriorating	5348	124.32	Deteriorating	2369	17.234	Deteriorating	6335	50.196	Deteriorating	861	3.758
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	Deteriorating	-0.27	0.90	Deteriorating	2578	133.855	Stable	14133	167.043	Improving	12898	85.73	Deteriorating	6874	105.388	Deteriorating	1756	37.461	Deteriorating	1968	23.695	Stable	16	1.331	Improving	7445	151.935	Improving	2462	19.88	Deteriorating	18275	125.12	Deteriorating	888	3.346
ØRSTED A/S 2022	Improving	0.73	0.65	Improving	2749	82.194	Improving	2905	42.904	Improving	16073	144.862	Improving	3076	38.234	Improving	1624	32.763	Improving	1609	19.795	Deteriorating	1325	10.867	Stable	2033	42.741	Improving	2970	22.893	Improving	8165	70.11	Improving	965	4.586
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	Deteriorating	-0.73	0.65	Deteriorating	3515	57.595	Deteriorating	11260	244.548	Deteriorating	10747	111.594	Deteriorating	6756	84.989	Deteriorating	2040	38.573	Deteriorating	1791	23.397	Stable	16	6.322	Deteriorating	2192	49.271	Improving	2488	19.879	Deteriorating	4883	39.241	Deteriorating	1078	4.502
ERG S.P.A. 2022	NA	0.91	0.30	Improving	1830	78.944	Improving	10706	113.982	Improving	17515	219.485	Improving	4629	74.29	Improving	1855	38.53	Improving	1427	16.561	Stable	16	1.229	Improving	2802	57.106	Improving	2270	17.101	Improving	6066	42.463	Improving	1155	3.932
Acciona SA 2022	NA	0.45	0.82	Stable	2079	155.307	Improving	10594	176.585	Improving	16772	155.079	Improving	4364	83.547	Deteriorating	1763	43.683	Improving	1727	21.461	Stable	16	1.273	Improving	1797	32.981	Improving	2737	23.22	Improving	12270	91.274	Deteriorating	832	3.252
Fortum Oyj 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	3088	108.432	Improving	9623	222.387	Improving	15454	106.729	Improving	3430	55.556	Improving	1762	32.974	Improving	1561	16.778	Stable	16	1.161	Improving	1437	29.219	Improving	2288	18.941	Improving	7551	61.466	Improving	978	3.813
VERBUND AG 2022	Deteriorating	0.09	0.94	Improving	1780	53.206	Improving	10694	150.586	Deteriorating	22518	152.183	Deteriorating	6160	115.646	Deteriorating	1855	31.258	Improving	1465	15.028	Stable	16	1.247	Improving	2244	50.314	Stable	2670	22.142	Improving	7524	56.317	Deteriorating	824	3.505
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	NA	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	1137	57.158	Deteriorating	5002	82.742	Deteriorating	13960	178.286	Deteriorating	4107	73.066	Deteriorating	1590	34.421	Deteriorating	1789	18.832	Stable	16	1.251	Deteriorating	1985	50.212	Deteriorating	2102	16.319	Deteriorating	6229	46.606	Deteriorating	848	3.228
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	NA	-0.18	0.40	Stable	2642	78.905	Stable	12687	186.603	Stable	13478	121.449	Deteriorating	4380	58.331	Stable	1375	23.924	Stable	1261	13.751	Stable	16	10.169	Stable	1447	27.831	Stable	2163	15.697	Deteriorating	18307	164.394	Stable	906	3.387
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	2040	79.238	Improving	2817	46.42	Improving	18274	177.855	Improving	3279	36.584	Improving	1338	26.54	Improving	1681	17.624	Stable	16	1.037	Improving	1765	34.118	Improving	1890	14.205	Improving	5246	37.416	Improving	846	3.315
HERA S.P.A. 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	1513	57.543	Deteriorating	15076	219.009	Deteriorating	18964	233.59	Deteriorating	5513	104.315	Deteriorating	1523	31.593	Deteriorating	1547	16.412	Stable	16	1.204	Deteriorating	1927	35.337	Deteriorating	2119	14.823	Deteriorating	6422	46.618	Deteriorating	935	3.737
VINCI 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	2182	90.575	Improving	9972	133.37	Improving	20052	216.119	Improving	6064	111.582	Improving	1795	39.174	Improving	1310	14.813	Stable	16	1.188	Improving	2551	55.046	Improving	2290	16.397	Improving	5929	42.244	Improving	890	3.497
BOUYGUES 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	3130	110.986	Deteriorating	11728	153.578	Deteriorating	19112	198.501	Deteriorating	5542	103.54	Deteriorating	1771	30.328	Deteriorating	1249	12.83	Stable	16	1.033	Deteriorating	2006	36.183	Deteriorating	2296	16.944	Deteriorating	6549	48.055	Deteriorating	1029	3.738
FERROVIAL SA 2022	NA	-0.64	0.67	Deteriorating	7962	117.36	Deteriorating	20993	281.536	Stable	16844	170.044	Deteriorating	6838	90.506	Deteriorating	1895	32.57	Deteriorating	1996	22.702	Stable	16	1.187	Improving	2699	59.127	Deteriorating	3563	27.24	Deteriorating	11056	80.463	Deteriorating	898	3.645

	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0.42	-0.21	0.86	2020.90	84.20	34.11	1.52	0.06	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0.53	-0.21	0.97	3525.99	146.92	68.75	1.68	0.07	0.02
MiniMax M2.7	0.37	-0.16	0.83	3461.72	144.24	45.55	0.66	0.03	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.47	-0.47	0.89	1822.60	75.94	23.18	0.80	0.03	0.01
GLM 5.1	0.32	-0.32	0.73	824.73	34.36	6.42	1.26	0.05	0.01
GPT-5.5	0.47	-0.26	0.95	433.78	18.07	3.15	4.92	0.21	0.03
GPT-5 nano	1.00	-0.37	1.05	67.11	2.80	3.91	0.04	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0.53	-0.11	0.97	1364.10	56.84	40.35	5.88	0.24	0.06
Claude Haiku 4.5	0.74	-0.21	1.17	467.59	19.48	3.78	1.14	0.05	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0.21	0.00	0.56	1533.98	63.92	30.12	4.22	0.18	0.05
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0.53	-0.53	0.97	88.76	3.70	0.44	0.26	0.01	0.00

q2: Suitability

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.91	0.30	Strongly Suitable	500	37.837	Strongly Suitable	1651	27.648	Strongly Suitable	3511	29.264	Strongly Suitable	769	15.827	Strongly Suitable	612	18.722	Strongly Suitable	830	14.44	Strongly Suitable	450	4.535	Strongly Suitable	1379	34.199	Marginally Suitable	1523	17.423	Strongly Suitable	1919	18.692	Strongly Suitable	451	2.848
ENI S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.00	0.63	Not Suitable	576	58.221	Marginally Suitable	1835	27.754	Marginally Suitable	4346	35.063	Marginally Suitable	1233	27.981	Not Suitable	597	10.837	Strongly Suitable	657	11.951	Marginally Suitable	593	5.93	Strongly Suitable	1228	31.384	Marginally Suitable	1677	17.533	Marginally Suitable	5229	47.055	Marginally Suitable	497	3.03
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	698	18.127	Strongly Suitable	1378	21.648	Strongly Suitable	3682	38.506	Strongly Suitable	1022	25.02	Strongly Suitable	373	11.019	Strongly Suitable	725	12.777	Marginally Suitable	19	1.305	Strongly Suitable	1731	43.008	Marginally Suitable	1535	17.35	Strongly Suitable	2131	22.469	Strongly Suitable	482	2.89
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	Strongly Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	418	13.885	Strongly Suitable	1373	22.944	Strongly Suitable	1308	11.606	Strongly Suitable	909	25.583	Strongly Suitable	447	11.781	Strongly Suitable	777	12.715	Strongly Suitable	583	5.059	Strongly Suitable	1433	36.823	Strongly Suitable	2040	23.166	Strongly Suitable	1631	15.879	Strongly Suitable	402	2.634
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.91	0.30	Strongly Suitable	1073	43.521	Strongly Suitable	1802	31.709	Strongly Suitable	2724	79.886	Strongly Suitable	1020	22.044	Strongly Suitable	508	14.603	Marginally Suitable	768	14.131	Strongly Suitable	538	4.854	Strongly Suitable	1099	30.148	Strongly Suitable	1788	19.889	Strongly Suitable	3584	44.407	Strongly Suitable	503	3.053
EDP, S.A. 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	1148	79.776	Strongly Suitable	1581	29.326	Strongly Suitable	2240	53.391	Strongly Suitable	1109	46.718	Strongly Suitable	644	18.723	Strongly Suitable	667	13.143	Marginally Suitable	826	8.115	Strongly Suitable	1548	41.252	Marginally Suitable	1807	20.708	Strongly Suitable	1749	18.497	Strongly Suitable	524	3.158
ENGIE 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	1000	52.268	Strongly Suitable	1937	31.559	Strongly Suitable	3644	43.643	Strongly Suitable	942	27.1	Strongly Suitable	600	14.431	Strongly Suitable	762	13.231	Marginally Suitable	311	3.195	Strongly Suitable	1249	33.338	Marginally Suitable	1957	21.234	Strongly Suitable	1826	19.466	Strongly Suitable	505	3.076
IBERDROLA SA 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	607	15.661	Strongly Suitable	1601	35.973	Strongly Suitable	3264	41.194	Strongly Suitable	924	33.179	Strongly Suitable	689	16.525	Strongly Suitable	611	12.65	Marginally Suitable	483	4.93	Strongly Suitable	1294	32.529	Marginally Suitable	2153	22.267	Strongly Suitable	2158	21.012	Strongly Suitable	546	3.677
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	1034	54.782	Strongly Suitable	1548	23.091	Strongly Suitable	2903	20.814	Strongly Suitable	982	18.236	Strongly Suitable	657	21.198	Marginally Suitable	743	13.605	Marginally Suitable	475	4.816	Strongly Suitable	1321	34.099	Strongly Suitable	1684	17.725	Strongly Suitable	2515	27.384	Strongly Suitable	574	3.667
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.91	0.30	Strongly Suitable	1017	39.406	Strongly Suitable	1309	20.606	Strongly Suitable	7231	62.797	Strongly Suitable	836	28.775	Strongly Suitable	522	15.075	Strongly Suitable	686	12.338	Strongly Suitable	335	3.395	Strongly Suitable	1302	31.385	Marginally Suitable	1463	17.401	Strongly Suitable	2376	22.256	Strongly Suitable	399	2.878
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	774	16.409	Strongly Suitable	1578	24.365	Strongly Suitable	3530	30.143	Strongly Suitable	928	34.172	Strongly Suitable	391	13.535	Strongly Suitable	710	19.616	Marginally Suitable	547	5.972	Strongly Suitable	1199	29.721	Marginally Suitable	2155	24.257	Strongly Suitable	1693	15.929	Strongly Suitable	459	2.811
ØRSTED A/S 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	1209	44.006	Marginally Suitable	1662	31.482	Strongly Suitable	3040	25.95	Strongly Suitable	927	13.48	Strongly Suitable	623	20.706	Strongly Suitable	695	14.094	Strongly Suitable	568	4.899	Strongly Suitable	1595	37.789	Marginally Suitable	2013	21.492	Strongly Suitable	2113	20.086	Strongly Suitable	471	3.481
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.73	0.65	Strongly Suitable	1401	69.83	Strongly Suitable	1110	21.983	Strongly Suitable	5132	50.388	Strongly Suitable	916	14.929	Strongly Suitable	687	16.189	Strongly Suitable	788	14.57	Marginally Suitable	254	3.225	Strongly Suitable	1363	37.37	Not Suitable	1895	21.876	Strongly Suitable	1647	17.294	Strongly Suitable	444	2.864
ERG S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.45	0.52	Marginally Suitable	580	42.235	Marginally Suitable	2070	43.923	Strongly Suitable	5891	88.556	Marginally Suitable	2448	91.968	Strongly Suitable	599	16.223	Marginally Suitable	586	11.547	Strongly Suitable	673	6.281	Strongly Suitable	1456	35.666	Marginally Suitable	1953	21.608	Strongly Suitable	3853	41.584	Marginally Suitable	534	3.43
Acciona SA 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.55	0.52	Strongly Suitable	661	60.596	Marginally Suitable	1422	23.85	Strongly Suitable	4121	43.105	Strongly Suitable	1092	22.478	Marginally Suitable	527	16.793	Marginally Suitable	795	14.931	Marginally Suitable	597	5.057	Strongly Suitable	1705	42.795	Marginally Suitable	1537	17.513	Strongly Suitable	2213	33.044	Strongly Suitable	487	2.636
Fortum Oyj 2022	Not Suitable	1.55	0.52	Marginally Suitable	1015	73.165	Marginally Suitable	1829	31.99	Strongly Suitable	3402	35.483	Strongly Suitable	1088	15.251	Strongly Suitable	534	15.232	Marginally Suitable	716	14.128	Marginally Suitable	519	4.45	Strongly Suitable	1428	36.238	Marginally Suitable	1734	20.468	Strongly Suitable	1831	19.13	Strongly Suitable	484	3.044
VERBUND AG 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.00	0.89	Not Suitable	895	49.464	Marginally Suitable	1638	26.107	Strongly Suitable	5841	60.111	Not Suitable	909	20.509	Marginally Suitable	912	21.276	Marginally Suitable	845	15.951	Strongly Suitable	440	4.708	Strongly Suitable	1779	44.557	Strongly Suitable	2152	22.73	Not Suitable	1894	23.126	Not Suitable	577	3.571
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	767	38.037	Strongly Suitable	1262	27.765	Strongly Suitable	7588	76.463	Strongly Suitable	1135	22.199	Strongly Suitable	401	11.394	Strongly Suitable	743	14.426	Strongly Suitable	346	3.805	Strongly Suitable	1229	32.174	Strongly Suitable	2096	21.659	Strongly Suitable	2851	26.855	Strongly Suitable	497	3.192
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.91	0.30	Strongly Suitable	966	20.505	Strongly Suitable	1295	25.891	Strongly Suitable	2725	30.429	Strongly Suitable	1172	28.658	Strongly Suitable	499	15.575	Strongly Suitable	650	12.224	Strongly Suitable	504	4.412	Strongly Suitable	1202	32.127	Marginally Suitable	1658	17.722	Strongly Suitable	1817	18.649	Strongly Suitable	527	3.035
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.73	0.47	Strongly Suitable	840	16.305	Strongly Suitable	1290	22.154	Strongly Suitable	2936	19.941	Strongly Suitable	929	15.304	Marginally Suitable	747	23.242	Strongly Suitable	769	14.503	Marginally Suitable	249	3.19	Strongly Suitable	1297	30.802	Marginally Suitable	1756	19.918	Strongly Suitable	2183	23.0	Strongly Suitable	516	3.058
HERA S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.91	0.30	Strongly Suitable	1259	41.648	Strongly Suitable	1467	34.713	Strongly Suitable	4371	55.839	Strongly Suitable	1240	36.98	Strongly Suitable	445	11.523	Strongly Suitable	698	13.034	Strongly Suitable	624	5.296	Strongly Suitable	1695	40.145	Marginally Suitable	2012	21.768	Strongly Suitable	1871	17.084	Strongly Suitable	535	3.716
VINCI 2022	Not Suitable	1.45	0.69	Marginally Suitable	868	47.925	Strongly Suitable	1212	49.727	Strongly Suitable	3441	34.666	Strongly Suitable	1046	30.4	Strongly Suitable	551	14.417	Marginally Suitable	624	11.362	Marginally Suitable	515	4.659	Strongly Suitable	1316	34.344	Marginally Suitable	1573	18.298	Not Suitable	2777	26.426	Strongly Suitable	539	3.124
BOUYGUES 2022	Not Suitable	1.00	0.45	Marginally Suitable	779	43.867	Marginally Suitable	1129	18.612	Marginally Suitable	5916	68.674	Marginally Suitable	947	22.763	Marginally Suitable	607	19.61	Marginally Suitable	532	9.653	Marginally Suitable	576	5.457	Strongly Suitable	1677	39.073	Marginally Suitable	1931	21.028	Not Suitable	2885	29.696	Marginally Suitable	457	2.655
FERROVIAL SA 2022	Not Suitable	1.73	0.47	Strongly Suitable	521	53.178	Marginally Suitable	1808	37.56	Strongly Suitable	4938	51.184	Strongly Suitable	1121	26.291	Strongly Suitable	584	18.755	Strongly Suitable	594	12.784	Marginally Suitable	501	4.528	Strongly Suitable	1260	35.729	Marginally Suitable	2084	24.054	Strongly Suitable	3075	31.692	Strongly Suitable	544	3.209

	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0.54	0.38	0.79	1030.65	42.94	18.80	1.40	0.06	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0.46	0.38	0.74	692.38	28.85	7.54	0.88	0.04	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	0.62	0.62	0.94	1087.10	45.30	19.99	0.34	0.01	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.58	0.50	0.91	665.85	27.74	15.80	0.53	0.02	0.00
GLM 5.1	0.54	0.46	0.89	387.38	16.14	3.55	1.15	0.05	0.01
GPT-5.5	0.46	0.38	0.74	323.80	13.49	1.89	4.31	0.18	0.03
GPT-5 nano	0.62	0.12	0.79	112.07	4.67	1.31	0.04	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0.71	0.71	1.02	856.69	35.70	4.31	5.08	0.21	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	0.71	-0.12	0.89	489.09	20.38	2.26	1.07	0.04	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0.50	0.42	0.82	600.71	25.03	8.89	2.49	0.10	0.02
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0.58	0.50	0.91	74.74	3.11	0.33	0.24	0.01	0.00

q3: Size

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	0.0375	0.08	0.02	7.5%	1497	131.835	7.5%	1611	28.711	7.5%	4759	55.342	7.5%	1873	62.403	11.25%	1036	21.206	11.25%	731	13.205	3.75%	18	2.514	11.25%	1399	35.447	7.5%	1566	17.256	7.5%	6087	55.69	7.5%	681	3.493
ENI S.P.A. 2022	0.075	0.06	0.04	7.5%	790	43.512	3.75%	2207	38.097	11.25%	5072	61.399	0%	1570	44.593	0%	776	20.325	7.5%	785	14.471	11.25%	751	7.562	7.5%	1310	34.977	7.5%	1784	19.938	7.5%	9572	78.793	3.75%	490	3.238
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	0.075	0.06	0.03	0%	620	34.126	7.5%	1720	30.193	7.5%	4524	39.131	3.75%	2838	52.446	11.25%	879	19.958	7.5%	583	13.269	7.5%	18	1.162	7.5%	1648	38.93	7.5%	1655	17.314	0%	4848	41.697	7.5%	577	2.99
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	0.075	0.07	0.02	7.5%	903	35.119	7.5%	2833	49.272	7.5%	7968	86.875	7.5%	1574	37.005	3.75%	904	24.285	7.5%	748	14.712	11.25%	538	6.085	7.5%	1588	40.183	7.5%	2200	24.38	7.5%	6011	59.372	7.5%	523	3.532
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	0.075	0.02	0.03	0%	670	29.429	7.5%	1571	28.135	0%	9204	95.239	0%	1504	50.086	7.5%	910	22.066	3.75%	494	9.717	3.75%	18	1.675	0%	1374	35.581	3.75%	1710	18.397	0%	2807	24.605	0%	438	2.696
EDP, S.A. 2022	0.075	0.10	0.02	7.5%	798	47.173	11.25%	1994	31.198	11.25%	7434	55.762	11.25%	2407	39.109	7.5%	860	19.973	11.25%	602	11.271	7.5%	18	1.238	11.25%	1482	37.978	7.5%	1943	20.352	11.25%	3255	32.1	11.25%	543	3.669
ENGIE 2022	0.0375	0.07	0.02	7.5%	700	47.719	7.5%	1325	27.274	7.5%	6062	70.207	7.5%	1893	44.741	7.5%	1001	33.615	7.5%	794	13.982	7.5%	18	1.396	7.5%	1480	38.688	3.75%	1911	19.808	3.75%	5312	44.57	7.5%	557	3.384
IBERDROLA SA 2022	0.0375	0.07	0.02	3.75%	1697	80.393	11.25%	2127	37.25	7.5%	7700	61.979	3.75%	2012	49.565	7.5%	829	20.06	7.5%	670	11.702	7.5%	892	7.863	11.25%	1514	39.775	7.5%	1988	21.201	7.5%	4776	40.427	7.5%	697	4.504
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	0.0375	0.05	0.03	0%	760	78.816	7.5%	2197	32.204	0%	11139	131.749	7.5%	1750	33.767	7.5%	858	19.452	7.5%	624	11.679	7.5%	656	7.41	3.75%	1349	34.668	7.5%	2017	21.59	3.75%	6129	51.619	7.5%	546	3.106
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	0.075	0.11	0.01	11.25%	861	37.454	11.25%	1330	24.62	11.25%	4595	42.234	11.25%	2656	45.453	11.25%	784	16.223	11.25%	665	11.47	7.5%	272	3.177	11.25%	1605	41.531	11.25%	2052	24.042	11.25%	4204	33.985	11.25%	505	3.209
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	0.0375	0.10	0.02	11.25%	988	51.24	11.25%	2020	29.245	11.25%	14523	139.462	11.25%	1765	32.612	7.5%	909	22.879	11.25%	645	11.29	11.25%	467	26.46	11.25%	1444	38.313	7.5%	1357	14.891	7.5%	8404	68.955	11.25%	662	3.552
ØRSTED A/S 2022	0.1125	0.10	0.05	3.75%	940	39.251	15%	3209	48.379	11.25%	9563	70.401	11.25%	1803	30.283	0%	765	17.171	11.25%	803	14.066	11.25%	687	6.95	15%	1486	38.091	3.75%	2385	23.856	11.25%	3272	27.582	11.25%	483	3.208
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	0.075	0.13	0.03	11.25%	980	82.264	11.25%	1458	24.343	11.25%	8759	102.625	15%	3196	66.937	15%	831	26.03	15%	893	14.463	11.25%	409	3.994	15%	1618	41.134	7.5%	1585	18.796	15%	2729	24.106	15%	449	2.995
ERG S.P.A. 2022	0.075	0.05	0.04	7.5%	1678	111.14	0%	2291	32.249	11.25%	12717	114.854	7.5%	1918	29.046	7.5%	872	28.88	7.5%	658	12.435	7.5%	473	5.125	3.75%	1436	39.933	7.5%	1745	19.548	0%	2049	19.754	0%	513	3.371
Acciona SA 2022	0.0375	0.05	0.04	3.75%	807	35.662	11.25%	1510	24.193	0%	6462	45.32	7.5%	3756	57.088	3.75%	687	17.278	7.5%	653	12.418	3.75%	18	1.213	7.5%	1702	41.805	7.5%	2402	25.499	0%	7877	71.224	7.5%	466	2.818
Fortum Oyj 2022	0.0	0.06	0.04	3.75%	1016	40.204	7.5%	1088	23.771	7.5%	4300	51.984	7.5%	1233	29.005	15%	748	20.13	7.5%	576	9.832	0%	16	1.52	7.5%	1508	37.086	7.5%	1644	18.845	0%	4290	37.159	7.5%	519	3.074
VERBUND AG 2022	0.0375	0.02	0.03	0%	599	45.705	0%	1542	26.704	0%	5262	45.64	0%	1193	23.431	0%	797	18.167	3.75%	697	12.549	7.5%	583	6.534	3.75%	1432	37.235	7.5%	2096	23.525	0%	1893	17.252	0%	550	7.035
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	0.0375	0.07	0.03	7.5%	924	41.671	11.25%	1896	27.331	11.25%	5290	47.346	7.5%	2031	38.48	7.5%	675	18.899	7.5%	821	13.049	FAIL	671	6.614	7.5%	1609	42.253	7.5%	1767	19.336	0%	3029	28.051	7.5%	544	3.275
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	0.075	0.06	0.03	7.5%	674	42.507	7.5%	1479	33.157	11.25%	7382	66.372	7.5%	1615	32.806	7.5%	982	21.857	7.5%	598	10.493	0%	16	1.03	7.5%	1504	37.951	7.5%	1796	18.324	0%	3081	32.148	7.5%	553	3.344
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	0.1125	0.05	0.04	0%	690	39.379	3.75%	1353	24.646	7.5%	7458	59.076	0%	1976	34.69	7.5%	829	22.258	7.5%	725	12.072	11.25%	582	5.701	7.5%	1517	36.467	0%	1703	19.648	0%	2355	19.553	7.5%	567	3.3
HERA S.P.A. 2022	0.0375	0.07	0.04	0%	839	40.698	7.5%	1799	47.437	11.25%	8032	57.986	7.5%	2416	41.765	7.5%	960	25.316	7.5%	690	24.883	11.25%	579	5.293	7.5%	1455	35.719	7.5%	1768	18.948	0%	3796	37.116	7.5%	587	3.407
VINCI 2022	0.0	0.04	0.03	0%	1266	43.313	0%	1225	31.219	0%	4015	30.679	3.75%	2587	47.435	7.5%	766	27.338	7.5%	662	11.995	7.5%	232	3.052	3.75%	1490	38.546	3.75%	1304	15.196	0%	2075	19.915	7.5%	516	3.109
BOUYGUES 2022	0.0	0.07	0.03	3.75%	566	30.946	7.5%	1826	25.003	11.25%	11941	96.065	7.5%	1108	20.667	7.5%	748	23.345	7.5%	606	10.692	7.5%	507	5.142	11.25%	1675	43.456	7.5%	1744	19.676	0%	2908	24.281	7.5%	603	3.234
FERROVIAL SA 2022	0.0	0.07	0.03	0%	929	46.979	7.5%	1094	35.832	11.25%	8861	123.78	7.5%	1451	22.413	11.25%	633	15.844	7.5%	753	13.781	7.5%	413	4.294	7.5%	1365	36.606	7.5%	1873	22.029	3.75%	4390	36.754	11.25%	561	3.428

	Failures	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0	0.033	-0.005	0.045	1256.54	52.36	25.86	1.40	0.06	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0	0.044	0.025	0.052	760.46	31.69	7.63	0.90	0.04	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	0	0.045	0.027	0.055	1751.51	72.98	31.02	0.44	0.02	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0	0.044	0.016	0.053	965.83	40.24	12.29	0.60	0.03	0.00
GLM 5.1	0	0.048	0.023	0.062	522.56	21.77	4.23	1.17	0.05	0.01
GPT-5.5	0	0.037	0.031	0.047	309.50	12.90	2.93	4.29	0.18	0.03
GPT-5 nano	1	0.033	0.023	0.044	123.00	5.13	5.11	0.04	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0	0.042	0.030	0.052	922.35	38.43	2.44	5.14	0.21	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	0	0.034	0.016	0.046	482.39	20.10	2.76	1.07	0.04	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0	0.036	-0.011	0.048	926.71	38.61	17.47	3.06	0.13	0.03
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0	0.045	0.023	0.054	82.97	3.46	0.84	0.24	0.01	0.00

q4: priority

	Ground truth priorities	Ground truth order	LLM dist average	LLM dist std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Distance	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Distance	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Distance	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Distance	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Distance	Out tokens	Time
ELECTRIC - "TERNA - - IBERDROL 2022	11, 8, 3	C,B,A	1.82	0.98	A,B,C	3	1124	56.978	A,C,B	2	1411	30.837	A,B,C	3	8335	143.533	B,C,A	1	1290	15.608	B,A,C	2	1251	25.662	B,C,A	1	1162	19.158	A,B,C	3	17	16.489	A,C,B	2	1236	32.826	B,C,A	1	1470	16.665	A,C,B	2	2834	25.433	C,B,A	0	541	3.307
ENI S.P. - TenneT H - REDEIA C 2022	12, 7, 4	C,B,A	1.27	0.65	B,C,A	1	684	27.403	C,A,B	1	1480	30.716	B,C,A	1	4371	49.228	B,C,A	1	1369	17.692	B,A,C	2	690	21.989	B,C,A	1	1397	23.493	A,B,C	3	17	2.166	B,C,A	1	1460	40.157	B,C,A	1	1485	16.536	B,C,A	1	4572	38.074	B,C,A	1	576	3.431
VEOLIA E - ELECTRIC - REDEIA C 2022	5, 11, 4	C,A,B	2.09	1.14	A,C,B	1	936	80.943	B,A,C	3	1502	25.329	A,C,B	1	5146	79.074	A,C,B	1	1293	15.674	B,A,C	3	712	22.018	A,B,C	2	783	15.972	B,A,C	3	17	1.762	B,A,C	3	1462	39.949	C,A,B	0	1726	18.814	B,A,C	3	3891	31.315	B,A,C	3	525	3.213
"TERNA - - A2A ENER - REDEIA C 2022	8, 9, 4	C,A,B	1.09	0.70	A,C,B	1	671	20.122	C,A,B	0	1139	21.782	A,C,B	1	2809	35.457	A,C,B	1	1193	13.323	A,C,B	1	885	17.033	A,C,B	1	591	11.294	A,B,C	2	17	1.357	A,B,C	2	1499	44.654	C,A,B	0	1233	13.92	B,C,A	2	17433	144.376	A,C,B	1	512	3.207
A2A ENER - ENEL - S - "TERNA - 2022	9, 1, 8	B,C,A	1.09	1.04	A,C,B	3	729	56.106	A,B,C	2	1763	34.209	B,C,A	0	4812	66.775	B,C,A	0	1300	18.074	C,B,A	1	833	25.915	B,C,A	0	1043	15.437	B,A,C	1	17	1.668	A,B,C	2	1508	42.098	C,A,B	2	2138	22.889	B,C,A	0	1188	12.307	C,B,A	1	514	3.369
EDP, S.A - ELECTRIC - VEOLIA E 2022	2, 11, 5	A,C,B	1.55	0.93	B,A,C	2	708	73.411	C,A,B	1	1820	34.701	B,A,C	2	5474	62.884	A,B,C	1	2585	34.509	A,C,B	0	854	30.015	C,B,A	2	1171	18.025	B,A,C	2	17	2.147	C,B,A	2	1423	44.845	A,C,B	0	1444	14.734	B,C,A	3	3375	31.251	B,A,C	2	531	3.077
EDP, S.A - A2A ENER - TenneT H 2022	2, 9, 7	A,C,B	1.00	0.00	C,A,B	1	806	46.457	C,A,B	1	1634	27.196	C,A,B	1	7156	76.653	C,A,B	1	1810	24.913	C,A,B	1	732	20.383	C,A,B	1	879	14.17	C,A,B	1	280	3.487	C,A,B	1	1346	33.811	A,B,C	1	1562	16.722	C,A,B	1	3560	30.368	C,A,B	1	495	3.629
ØRSTED A - ENEL - S - A2A ENER 2022	6, 1, 9	B,A,C	0.82	0.60	A,B,C	1	634	44.66	A,B,C	1	1593	38.537	B,A,C	0	8705	245.887	A,B,C	1	1612	22.4	A,B,C	1	859	17.819	A,B,C	1	1164	17.703	C,B,A	2	17	1.813	A,B,C	1	1421	33.347	A,B,C	1	1768	17.43	B,A,C	0	6704	54.288	B,A,C	0	530	3.338
REDEIA C - ELECTRIC - "TERNA - 2022	4, 11, 8	A,C,B	1.55	0.82	C,A,B	1	799	52.182	C,A,B	1	2012	27.8	C,A,B	1	4433	69.808	C,A,B	1	2783	33.668	C,A,B	1	790	27.404	C,A,B	1	820	14.212	C,A,B	1	17	1.759	B,C,A	3	1081	26.647	B,A,C	2	1417	15.445	B,C,A	3	2746	26.43	B,A,C	2	522	3.206
ENEL - S - ELECTRIC - VEOLIA E 2022	1, 11, 5	A,C,B	0.82	0.87	B,A,C	2	852	29.602	A,C,B	0	1392	32.527	B,A,C	2	7214	136.586	A,C,B	0	1245	20.351	A,B,C	1	832	28.155	A,B,C	1	1333	24.645	A,B,C	1	261	3.706	A,C,B	0	1750	44.179	A,C,B	0	1358	16.056	B,A,C	2	3794	33.275	A,C,B	0	497	3.552
TenneT H - ENI S.P. - ENEL - S 2022	7, 12, 1	C,A,B	1.18	0.75	B,A,C	3	752	53.371	A,C,B	1	1379	34.049	A,C,B	1	5651	72.049	A,C,B	1	1823	25.446	A,C,B	1	859	25.996	C,A,B	0	1304	19.014	A,B,C	2	17	1.968	A,C,B	1	1379	36.239	C,B,A	1	1563	16.633	A,C,B	1	6128	55.888	A,C,B	1	622	4.02
TenneT H - REDEIA C - ENGIE 2022	7, 4, 10	B,A,C	1.36	0.67	A,B,C	1	509	54.233	A,C,B	2	1758	30.02	A,B,C	1	7488	101.265	A,B,C	1	1656	19.146	A,B,C	1	933	24.134	A,C,B	2	1045	16.099	A,B,C	1	17	1.285	A,C,B	2	1345	36.031	B,A,C	0	1400	15.374	A,C,B	2	2614	26.019	A,C,B	2	566	3.829

	Average Distance	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	1.67	595.47	49.62	17.80	1.18	0.10	0.02
Kimi K2.6	1.25	367.70	30.64	4.61	0.71	0.06	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	1.17	1139.20	94.93	57.30	0.28	0.02	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.83	260.80	21.73	6.83	0.50	0.04	0.01
GLM 5.1	1.25	286.52	23.88	4.08	0.99	0.08	0.01
GPT-5.5	1.08	209.22	17.44	3.83	3.67	0.31	0.06
GPT-5 nano	1.83	39.61	3.30	4.22	0.03	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	1.67	454.78	37.90	5.69	4.15	0.35	0.06
Claude Haiku 4.5	0.75	201.22	16.77	2.31	0.84	0.07	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	1.67	509.02	42.42	34.29	2.42	0.20	0.05
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	1.17	41.18	3.43	0.28	0.22	0.02	0.00